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ACID Properties of Transaction – Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability

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ACID Properties of Transaction – Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability

Transactions in a database management system (DBMS) include a number of characteristics that guarantee the consistency and integrity of the database. The following are the so-called ACID properties:

  1. Atomicity: This characteristic makes sure that a transaction is an atomic unit, which means that it is either entirely finished or not at all finished. All changes performed during a transaction are undone in the event of an error, and the database is restored to its initial state.
  2. Consistency: This characteristic makes sure a transaction leaves the database in a state that is consistent. The sum of all accounts must remain unchanged, for instance, if money is being transferred from one bank account to another.
  3. Isolation: This characteristic makes sure that the modifications performed by one transaction are separate from those made by other transactions. This is crucial because it stops transactions from interfering with one another and makes sure that each one is handled as if it were the only one.
  4. Durability: This characteristic guarantees that changes made by a transaction are permanent and cannot be undone in the event of a system failure after the transaction has been committed.

These characteristics are necessary for any DBMS to operate properly and aid in preserving the database’s consistency and integrity.

Masters in Data Science(MDS) Program at Tribhuvan University

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Masters in Data Science(MDS) Program at Tribhuvan University

Hello, fellow data enthusiasts! DataSagar here, your friendly neighborhood data educator and database tutor. Today, we’re diving into a fascinating development on the data science education front – the Master in Data Science (MDS) program offered by Tribhuvan University (TU) in Nepal.

As someone who’s passionate about data and its transformative power, I’m always on the lookout for educational initiatives that nurture the next generation of data professionals. TU’s MDS program piqued my interest, and I couldn’t resist delving deeper into it.

Unlocking the MDS Program at Tribhuvan University

Tribhuvan University’s MDS program is a testament to Nepal’s growing recognition of the importance of data science in today’s tech-driven world. This full-time, two-year program, offered by the School of Mathematical Sciences (SMS), is a significant step towards equipping students with the skills they need to excel in the field of data science.

What Makes TU’s MDS Program Stand Out?

Let’s explore the key aspects that make TU’s MDS program noteworthy:

1. A Comprehensive Curriculum: The program takes students through a journey of data science essentials, including programming, statistics, data analytics, machine learning, data visualization, and more. This robust curriculum ensures that graduates possess a well-rounded skill set that’s in high demand in the business, industry, and multinational companies.

2. Interdisciplinary Approach: TU’s MDS program is the first of its kind in the Institute of Science and Technology at the university. It’s designed to be interdisciplinary, meaning it draws knowledge from various fields to provide students with a holistic understanding of data science.

3. Real-World Application: The program focuses not only on theory but also on practical applications. Students get hands-on experience with projects, seminars, and internships, giving them the opportunity to apply what they’ve learned in real-world scenarios.

4. A Blend of Evaluation Methods: TU employs a balanced evaluation system comprising both internal and external assessments. This system ensures that students are not only knowledgeable but also capable of practical application.

Exploring the Course Structure

The MDS program is divided into four semesters, and here’s a sneak peek into the course structure:

First Semester:

  • Fundamentals of Data Science
  • Data Structure and Algorithms
  • Statistical Computing with R
  • Mathematics for Data Science
  • Elective Courses (Choose One)

Second Semester:

  • Programming with Python
  • Applied Machine Learning
  • Statistical Methods for Data Science
  • Multivariable Calculus for Data Science
  • Elective Courses (Choose One)

Third Semester:

  • Research Methodology
  • Advanced Data Mining
  • Techniques for Big Data
  • Elective Courses (Choose Two)

Fourth Semester:

  • Data Visualization
  • Capstone Project/Thesis
  • Elective Courses (Choose Two)

This well-structured program not only imparts essential technical skills but also encourages students to delve into specialized areas of interest through elective courses.

Who’s Eligible for the MDS Program?

To be eligible for TU’s MDS program, candidates must have a minimum of 15 years of formal education and meet specific criteria based on their academic background. This inclusivity allows a diverse range of students to embark on their data science journey.

Data Science Prospects in Nepal

Now, let’s talk about the exciting part: the potential impact of this program on Nepal’s technology industry and businesses. As data becomes the lifeblood of decision-making, data scientists are in high demand across various sectors. Here’s how TU’s MDS program can contribute:

1. Government Agencies: Data-driven decision-making can enhance governance, policy formulation, and public services.

2. Clinical Research Centers: Data analysis can revolutionize healthcare research, leading to better treatments and outcomes.

3. Banking Sector: Enhanced risk assessment, fraud detection, and customer insights can drive growth and stability.

4. Manufacturing Industry: Data can optimize production processes, reduce waste, and enhance efficiency.

5. Travel and Hospitality Sector: Data analytics can personalize customer experiences and streamline operations.

6. Healthcare Industry: From patient care to drug development, data science can lead to groundbreaking advancements.

7. Business Houses: In the corporate world, data scientists are instrumental in market analysis, customer segmentation, and strategic decision-making.

Now, you might be wondering, “Is it worth studying for a Master’s in Data Science in Nepal?” The answer is a resounding yes, and here’s why. Data science is not limited by geographical boundaries; it’s a global phenomenon. TU’s MDS program not only provides you with a high-quality education but also positions you to tap into the vast opportunities in Nepal and beyond. With the growing adoption of data-driven decision-making in various industries, the demand for skilled data scientists is on the rise, both locally and internationally. Moreover, studying in Nepal can be a unique experience, offering the chance to explore a rich cultural heritage while gaining cutting-edge data science expertise. So, if you have a passion for data and a desire to shape the future of technology and business in Nepal, pursuing an MDS degree at Tribhuvan University could be one of the best decisions you’ll ever make.

Tribhuvan University’s Master in Data Science program is a game-changer for Nepal’s tech industry and businesses. It empowers students with the skills needed to harness the power of data, solve complex problems, and drive innovation. As Nepal embarks on its data science journey, it’s exciting to witness the potential impact this program will have on the country’s technological landscape.

I’m keeping a close eye on the evolution of data science education globally, and TU’s MDS program is undoubtedly a significant step towards a data-driven Nepal. Stay tuned for more exciting updates on data, technology, and education right here on datasagar.com!

Thanks, and Have a Good Day!

Global Supply Chain to disrupt amidst Russia Ukraine Conflict

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Global Supply Chain to disrupt amidst Russia Ukraine Conflict

It’s been 2 weeks since the war penetrated between Russia and Ukraine. Russia and Ukraine both being major stakeholders of world’s energy and grains supply, World’s supply chain is gonna face serious problem because of conflict between these two countries.

Russia is a key player in global energy, metals and agriculture sector. Being world leader for exporting wheat, crude oil, refined petroleum oils and coal, Russia alone shipped US $335.5 billion worth of goods around the globe in 2020 according to WorldTopExports.

As Russian banks are being blocked form access to the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication(SWIFT) System which is considered as key part in international trade, disruptions in cross border trade is obvious until stakeholders switch to alternatives.

China being major stakeholder of Russia’s export and have developed their own clearing system named Cross Border Inter Bank Payment System(CIPS), flow of energy and commodity to China is likely continue as usual. Also, Russia has already developed alternative to SWIFT called System for Transfer of Financial Messages(SPFS) back in 2014 when America threatened to disconnect them from the SWIFT system.

Apart from that, Russia has substantially increased grain production and exports as well since the past two decades.

Seems Putin was predicting all these sanctions, global commodity chaos and calculating it’s aftermaths since long.

Learning from Lord Shiva: Lessons for Technology Professionals on Maha Shivaratri

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Learning from Lord Shiva: Lessons for Technology Professionals on Maha Shivaratri

On the auspicious occasion of Maha Shivaratri, I Wish you Good Health and all the Happiness you deserve. May God Shiva bestow the Blessings of Energy, Courage, and Success to you and your family. Jay Pashupatinath!

I’m here with another blog post to highlight the learnings that everyone can learn from the personality of Lord Shiva. God Shiva is known for his diverse personality and names like “Devo ka Dev”, “Mahadev”, “Nilkanth”, “Shivaji”, “Maha Yogi” “Bholenath”, “Ardhanarishwar” and “Pashupatinath” etc. He is known as a destroyer of evil spirits and injustices. Some lessons that every technology fellow(programmer, designer, analyst, project manager, or whatever position they’re in) can learn from Shiva are listed below:

1. Tolerance and Self Control
Shiva is considered the optimum state of mind and the mind’s stability. Whatever situation we’re going through, we must control ourselves and think twice before action. Most of the time we become reactive instead of acting consciously. We should be able to handle our desires and addictions(if any) to win the battle. Focus is everything so you should keep your goal clear and your mind, as well as your heart, focused on it.

2. Research over Ignorance
Another thing you can learn from Shiva is to avoid ignorance as far as practicable. You might have seen “Ganga” flowing in Shiva’s hair which symbolizes the end of ignorance. Know the subject matter well before getting into it to be successful, be it in a project or any other task.

3. Desire, Obsession, and Destruction Theory
Unnecessary desires are the main reason behind obsessions. If your mind is thinking of an idea or there’s a thought that continually preoccupies or intrudes within, that may break your time schedules. It’s very important to stick with what’s important. The main thing must always be “The Main Thing”. Otherwise, it may lead you to a disastrous situation.

4. Respect Your Better Half
You may have seen lord Shiva’s images with half male(Shiva) and half female(Parvati). For this reason, he is also known as “Ardhanarishwar” – means half woman and half man. This symbolizes respect and cares for your counterpart. Every man should respect and care for women no matter what.

5. Materialistic Happiness is Temporary
Searching for happiness in the material world is not going to work in the long run. You need to find inner peace and a state of mind so that you can enjoy every moment happily. You can learn from Shiva’s outfit and appearance as well.

Maha Shivaratri can be considered a potent reminder of Lord Shiva’s teachings and qualities as the god of cosmic wisdom and enlightenment. His numerous influences on various facets of life are reflected in his diversified personality and naming patterns. One can gain a lot from Lord Shiva’s teachings as a technology expert, including tolerance and self-control, research over ignorance, want, obsession, and destruction theory, respect for your better half, and the fleeting nature of worldly satisfaction. We may improve ourselves and succeed in life by putting these teachings to work in both our personal and professional lives. On this auspicious occasion, let us seek Lord Shiva’s blessings and make an effort to aspire to his knowledge and teachings.

Happy Mahashivaratri!!!

The Growing Threat of Cybercrime in Nepal: Causes and Consequences

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The Growing Threat of Cybercrime in Nepal: Causes and Consequences

Globally, cybercrime is a growing threat, and Nepal is no different. Cybercrime has increased in frequency as the world becomes more digital, with disastrous results for people, corporations, and governments alike. This article will examine the problem of cybercrime in Nepal, covering the most prevalent forms of this crime, its effects, and some actual occurrences that show how it affects both individuals and society.

Types of Cybercrime in Nepal:

A wide range of criminal behaviors are included in the term “cybercrime,” which is used to describe any unlawful activity involving a computer or network. The following are the most typical forms of cybercrime in Nepal:

  1. Hacking is the act of gaining unauthorized access to computer systems or networks with the intent to steal sensitive data or interfere with business operations.
  2. Phishing is a sort of cybercrime that entails sending emails or messages that appear to be from a reliable source, like a bank or a government organization, in an effort to deceive recipients into submitting sensitive information or clicking on links that might infect their systems with malware.
  3. Identity theft is the theft of a person’s personal data, including name, address, and social security number, in order to engage in fraud or other unlawful acts.
  4. Malware is software that is intended to damage computer systems or networks, frequently by stealing confidential data, interfering with operations, or corrupting files.

Consequences of Cybercrime in Nepal:

Cybercrime in Nepal can have disastrous effects on both the victim and society at large. Financial losses, reputational damages, and in some circumstances even physical harm are possible outcomes of cybercrime. The following are some of the most important effects of cybercrime in Nepal:

  1. Financial losses: Both individuals and corporations can suffer large financial losses as a result of cybercrime. Large sums of money can occasionally be stolen from bank accounts or credit cards by cybercriminals. Businesses may also suffer financial losses as a result of operations being disrupted or reputational harm.
  2. Reputational harm: Both people and organizations’ reputations can be hurt by cybercrime. For instance, the reputation of the victim may suffer if personal information is stolen and made public.
  3. Physical injury: Cybercrime occasionally causes physical harm. For instance, serious harm could ensue if a hospital’s computer system is breached and patient information is stolen.

Real-Life Incidents of Cybercrime in Nepal:

The catastrophic effects of these crimes on people and society have been highlighted by the numerous cybercrime instances that have occurred in Nepal in recent years. Here are a few illustrations:

  1. A significant bank in Nepal had a hack in 2019 that resulted in the theft of millions of rupees. The hackers broke into the bank’s computer systems through phishing emails and stole money from customer accounts.
  2. Social media hacking: In 2020, the accounts of a well-known Nepali comedian were compromised, and the hackers released offensive information under his name. The comic was severely distressed by this, which hurt his reputation.
  3. Internet fraud: In 2021, a guy was detained in Nepal for his participation in a scam involving online fraud. The perpetrator has utilized phishing emails to defraud victims of their money and personal information.

These illegal actions are a big problem in Nepal and have far-reaching effects on both the individual and the larger society. Hacking, phishing, identity theft, and malware are the four most typical forms of cybercrime in Nepal. Cybercrime in Nepal has negative effects for the economy, reputation, and personal safety. The destructive effects of these crimes on people and society are highlighted by actual cybercrime instances in Nepal, underlining the need for increased awareness and cybersecurity precautions to guard against cybercrime.

Nepal’s Economic Diplomacy: Leveraging Trade, Investment, Tourism, and Overseas Employment

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Nepal’s Economic Diplomacy: Leveraging Trade, Investment, Tourism, and Overseas Employment

Hi everyone, welcome to DataSagar. Today, I would like to cover some crucial yet important facts and figures that every Nepali should be well aware of. In the meantime, some of you might be wondering what foreign diplomacy actually is. 

When a nation uses diplomacy to advance its economic interests abroad and achieve its economic objectives, this practice can be referred to as economic diplomacy. It entails the use of diplomatic channels to negotiate economic deals, attract foreign investment, market travel/tourism, and strengthen international collaboration in such like infrastructure development and human resource management. Economic diplomacy, to put it simply, is a strategy used by nations to boost their economies and enhance the welfare of their populations.

As Nepal is well-known for both its burgeoning economy and its magnificent natural beauty. Nepal is a key actor in South Asia with a GDP of USD 33.6 billion and a GDP per capita of USD 1,191. Nepal has been actively participating in economic diplomacy, which is essential for fostering the country’s economic development. In light of international trade, foreign direct investment, tourism, government development assistance, and abroad employment, this article ought to examine Nepal’s economic diplomacy with a data-driven approach. Lets us begin with an idea of what our diplomacy is like from an economic perspective based on data, facts, and figures.

Foreign Trade:

Over the years, Nepal’s foreign trade has steadily increased. Nepal’s exports totaled NPR 1,41,124 million in 2020, compared to imports of NPR 15,39,837 million. About two-thirds of all trade between Nepal and its commercial partners are with India. The United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Turkey are among Nepal’s other main export markets. However, India, China, Argentina, the United Arab Emirates, and the United States are Nepal’s main import suppliers. To lessen its reliance on India, Nepal has been attempting to diversify its trading relationships. The nation has been looking into ways to expand its trade with Bangladesh, China, and other nations.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

For Nepal’s economy to thrive, foreign direct investment (FDI) is a crucial source of funding. FDI worth 32 billion NPR was directed to Nepal in 2020. The top foreign investors in Nepal are from China, India, the United States, South Korea, and the British Virgin Islands. The government of Nepal has been providing numerous incentives to draw FDI, including tax breaks, profit repatriation, and streamlined investment procedures. To draw FDI, Nepal is boosting industries including hydropower, tourism, agriculture, and manufacturing.

Tourism:

One of the main drivers of Nepal’s economy is tourism. The nation is renowned for its stunning mountains, hiking routes, and culturally significant locations. Around 232,000 visitors visited Nepal in 2020, a sharp decline from the 1.2 million tourists Nepal had in 2019 before to the pandemic. Russia, China, the United States, the United Kingdom, and India are Nepal’s top tourist-producing nations. Through a number of steps, including granting visa-free travel to some nations, creating new trekking routes, and enhancing infrastructure, Nepal has been encouraging tourism.

Official Development Assistance(ODA)

For Nepal’s development programs, official development aid (ODA) is a significant source of funding. Nepal received USD 1,870,003,870 in ODA in the year 2020. The United States, the United Kingdom, China, India, and Japan are the main bilateral development partners, while the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the European Union, the United Nations, and GAVI are the leading multilateral development partners. In order to obtain funding for its development projects, the Nepalese government has been actively interacting with these development partners.

Foreign Employment

Many Nepalese laborers rely heavily on their income from outside employment. 166,698 Nepalese employees acquired new work visas or extensions to work abroad in 2020. Only two nations, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, which are countries where labor is sought after, have bilateral agreements with Nepal. However, Nepalese laborers are also employed in nations like the UAE, Bahrain, and Oman. The government of Nepal has been attempting to enhance the welfare and working circumstances of Nepalese workers abroad.

With all these, Nepal’s economic diplomacy has centered on maximizing its advantages in commerce, investment, tourism, official development assistance, and international employment. Nepal has been looking for ways to increase foreign direct investment (FDI), diversify its trade partners, promote tourism, secure more ODA, and enhance working conditions for Nepalese employees abroad. Nepal has the opportunity to profit from the economic rise of both China and India, thanks to our strategic placement between the two major economic giants. To fully achieve our economic potential, we must overcome a number of issues, including weak infrastructure, unstable politics, and a challenging business environment.

At the same time, we can’t deny the fact that the disastrous NepalQuake 2015 and COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant negative impact on Nepal’s economy, particularly the travel and remittance industries. The Nepalese government has been putting different steps in reconstruction as well as in place to lessen the pandemic’s negative economic effects, including aiding the impacted enterprises, promoting domestic travel, and increasing infrastructure spending. For Nepal to fully recover from all these and continue to prosper, our economic diplomacy will be of paramount importance.

Nepal’s economic diplomacy has been concentrated on utilizing its advantages and strengths to support economic development and prosperity. The government of Nepal has been aggressively collaborating with its allies to obtain funding to advance commerce, investment, tourism, and international employment. Although Nepal has a number of obstacles, its advantageous position, stunning scenery, and developing economy provide it with many chances for economic expansion and advancement.

Keyword Research Tools for SEO friendly content writers

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Keyword Research Tools for SEO friendly content writers

Search engine optimization (SEO) and internet marketing both depend on keyword research. The proper keywords can improve your website’s position in search engine results pages (SERPs), bring in more qualified visitors, and increase conversion rates. The top 10 keyword research tools are listed below to assist you in finding the ideal keywords for your company:

  • Google Keyword Planner – The free keyword research tool from Google AdWords is a fantastic place to start. You can use it to see the typical monthly keyword searches and get suggestions for new keywords to target.
Image: Google Keyword Planner
  • SEMrush – This all-in-one marketing solution offers thorough keyword research, competition analysis, and keyword tracking. Using SEMrush, you can see the keywords that your competitors are ranked for and discover their paid and organic search strategies.
  • Ahrefs – Another extensive SEO tool with tools for keyword research is Ahrefs. It offers comprehensive keyword information, including search volume, keyword difficulty, and each keyword’s click-through and impression rates.
  • Keyword Tool – A free online tool for researching keywords, Keyword Tool offers term suggestions based on Google Autocomplete. It assists you in locating keywords associated with your niche and offers long-tail keyword suggestions.
  • Moz Keyword Explorer – A paid keyword research tool called Moz Keyword Explorer provides keyword suggestions, information on search volume, rankings for keyword difficulty, and SERP analysis. Also, it aids in locating keywords with a strong focus on commerce and locating those with a lot of potential for traffic.
  • Ubersuggest – A free keyword research tool called Ubersuggest comes up with keyword suggestions based on Google Suggest and other sources. For each keyword, it offers data on keyword volume, CPC, and competitiveness.
  • SERPstat – SERPstat is a comprehensive SEO tool that offers capabilities for backlink analysis, site audit, competitor analysis, and keyword research. You can research the top-ranking pages for each keyword using SERPstat to identify profitable keywords.
  • KWFinder – A paid keyword research tool called KWFinder offers SERP analysis, search traffic, keyword difficulty scores, and keyword suggestions. Also, it aids in the discovery of long-tail keywords with high search traffic and little rivalry.
  • Keywords Everywhere – The free browser extension Keywords Everywhere shows keyword information for each keyword you search for on Google and other search engines, such as search volume, CPC, and competitiveness.
  • Keyword Revealer – A paid keyword research service called Keyword Revealer offers keyword recommendations, search volume information, and keyword difficulty ratings. Also, it aids in locating terms with high search traffic and little competition.

Finally, these top 10 keyword research tools can assist you in locating the most appropriate terms for your company. Keyword research is an essential component of SEO and internet marketing. You may raise conversion rates, increase targeted visitors, and increase your website’s visibility in search engines by choosing the appropriate keywords.

Assertion in SQL – Basic

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Assertion in SQL – Basic

In SQL, an assertion is a statement that ensures that certain conditions are always enforced in the database no matter what. Same as domain or other constraints, assertions differ in the way that they are defined separately from table definitions. It is a named statement that defines a condition that must be true for the data in the database. If the condition is not met, the assertion will fail and the database will generate an error.

Here is the syntax for creating an assertion in SQL:

CREATE ASSERTION assertion_name
CHECK (condition);

For example, to create an assertion called “salary_assertion” that checks that no employee in the “employees” table has a salary greater than $100,000, you could use the following statement:

CREATE ASSERTION salary_assertion
CHECK (salary <= 100000);

We can create different assertions for specific conditions that must always satisfy in SQL. For example, the department_id attribute in manager relation is always not null since each manager works at least in one department. The following example shows an assertion named nomanager which checks that all the tuples in manager relation with department_id being NULL as not a manager.

CREATE ASSERTION nomanager

CHECK( NOT EXISTS
    ( SELECT * FROM MANAGER
    WHERE  Department_id is NULL));

Hence, the above assertion ensures that there is no manager who is not assigned any department at any time.

Another example can be the sum of all loan amounts for each branch must be less than the sum of all account balances at the branch. This can be satisfied by creating assertion as below:

     create assertion sum-constraint check
     (not exists (select * from branch
                       where (
select sum(amount) from loan
                               where loan.branch-name =
                                                 branch.branch-name)
                              >= (select sum(amount) from   account
                               where loan.branch-name = branch.branch-name)))

To drop an assertion, you can use the following statement:

DROP ASSERTION assertion_name;

Assertions are useful for enforcing data integrity and ensuring that the data in the database meets certain conditions. They can be used to enforce business rules or to ensure the consistency of the data. However, they can also be time-consuming to create and maintain, so they are not always used in practice.

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